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Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an important centre for classical Javanese fine arts and culture such as ballet, batik textiles, drama, literature, music, poetry, silversmithing, visual arts, and wayang puppetry. Renowned as a centre of Indonesian education, Yogyakarta is home to a large student population and dozens of schools and universities, including Gadjah Mada University, the country's largest institute of higher education and one of its most prestigious.

Yogyakarta is the capital of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and served as the Indonesian capital from 1946 to 1948 during the Indonesian National Revolution, with Gedung Agung as the president's office. One of the districts in southeastern Yogyakarta, Kota, was the capital of the Mataram Sultanate between 1587 and 1613.

The city's population was 388,627 at the 2010 census, and 373,589 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 375,699, composed of 182,840 men and 192,859 women. The greater metropolitan area includes the city of Magelang and 65 districts across Sleman, Klaten, Bantul, Kulon Progo and Magelang regencies and was home to 4,010,436 inhabitants in 2010. Yogyakarta has the highest HDI (Human Development Index) of all Indonesian regencies and cities, with a score of 0.887.

Bahasa yang digunakan di Yogyakarta adalah Bahasa Jawa Dialek Mataram dengan varian Yogyakarta-Surakarta. Meskipun demikian, varian lokal Yogyakarta ini dikenal sebagai "varian halus" karena penggunaan kata-kata krama yang meluas dalam percakapan sehari-hari, lebih luas daripada yang digunakan di tempat lain. Menurut Statistik Kebahasaan 2019, bahasa ini menjadi satu-satunya bahasa daerah asli Kota Yogyakarta. Bahasa resmi instansi pemerintahan di Kota Yogyakarta adalah bahasa Indonesia.

Peraturan Daerah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 2 Tahun 2021 menetapkan Bahasa Jawa menjadi bahasa resmi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, termasuk Kota Yogyakarta.

Kota Yogyakarta menjadi salah satu pusat pelestarian Budaya Jawa, khususnya gaya Yogyakarta. Budaya Jawa gaya Yogyakarta memiliki ciri khas tersendiri dibandingkan dengan gaya kebudayaan Jawa di daerah lainnya. Hal ini karena keberadaan Kesultanan Yogyakarta yang memilih untuk mempertahankan budaya Jawa murni yang telah ada sejak masa Kesultanan Mataram pada Perjanjian Jatisari.

Tari Golek Ayun-Ayun, salah satu tarian khas Yogyakarta yang dikembangkan di dalam Keraton. Tarian khas Yogyakarta berkembang dari dalam Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat dan Pura Pakualaman, di mana kedua keraton memiliki beberapa tarian Srimpi dan Bedaya sesuai dengan pakem masing-masing. Salah satu tarian yang dikenal oleh masyarakat adalah tari Beksan Lawung Ageng. Beksan Lawung Ageng adalah salah satu tarian pusaka Keraton Yogyakarta yang diciptakan oleh Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, dan biasanya dipentaskan pada ritual kenegaraan. Tarian ini menggambarkan adu ketangkasan prajurit bertombak.

Batik gaya Yogyakarta memiliki ciri khas pada warna dasaran atau latar belakang putih atau hitam. Batik Yogyakarta juga dapat dilihat dari seret atau bagian putih di pinggir kain batik. Adapun motif batik yang berkembang di Yogyakarta, seperti motif Parang dan Kawung.

Surjan adalah salah satu pakaian adat Yogyakarta yang dikenakan untuk kegiatan sehari-hari. Masyarakat Yogyakarta biasanya melengkapi pakaian Surjan dengan mengenakan penutup kepala yang disebut Blangkon.

Blangkon gaya Yogyakarta memiliki ciri khas berupa mondolan (tonjolan di belakang) yang membulat. Mondolan tersebut pada awalnya adalah rambut masyarakat yang digulung ke dalam, mengingat pada saat itu masyarakat sekitar Keraton Yogyakarta masih memanjangkan rambutnya.

Abdi dalem Keraton Yogyakarta menabuh gamelan sekaten Kyai Guntur Madu di Bangsal Pagongan Masjid Agung Kauman. Perayaan dan upacara adat di kota Yogyakarta biasanya diselenggarakan oleh Keraton Yogyakarta dan Pura Pakualaman. Beberapa perayaan tersebut antara lain:

Sekaten adalah pergelaran rangkaian kegiatan tahunan untuk memperingati Maulid Nabi Muhammad yang diadakan oleh Keraton Yogyakarta. Rangkaian perayaan secara resmi berlangsung dari tanggal 5 dan berakhir pada tanggal 12 Mulud penanggalan Jawa (dapat disetarakan dengan Rabiul Awal penanggalan Hijriah). Biasanya pergelaran ini dimeriahkan dengan pasar malam, dan dimainkannya gamelan pusaka (miyos gongso) di halaman Masjid Agung.

Mubeng Beteng atau Tapa Bisu adalah tradisi yang dilakukan oleh abdi dalem Keraton Yogyakarta dan masyarakat dalam menyambut tahun baru Hijriyah. Tradisi ini dilakukan dalam bentuk jalan kaki bersama mengitari Benteng Baluwerti Keraton Yogyakarta pada malam hari sambil membisu sebagai sarana merefleksikan diri dalam keheningan.

Tradisi mubeng beteng diilhami dari tradisi Jawa-Islam yang dimulai ketika Kerajaan Mataram yang saat itu beribukota di Kotagede membangun benteng mengelilingi kerajaan atau keraton yang kemudian selesai pada tanggal 1 Suro 1580 Masehi. Setelah itu para prajurit rutin mengelilingi benteng untuk menjaga dari ancaman musuh. Setelah dibangunnya parit, tugas berkeliling digantikan oleh abdi dalem agar tidak terkesan seperti militer. Para abdi berkeliling dengan membisu sambil membacakan doa-doa dalam hati agar mereka diberi keselamatan.

Biasanya tradisi ini diawali pada pukul 20.00 dengan serangkaian acara seperti tahlilan, pembagian makanan berkah, tembangan macapat hingga prosesi mubeng beteng dilakukan tepat pukul 00.00 WIB.

Grebeg atau Garebeg merupakan tradisi yang rutin diselenggarakan oleh masyarakat Jawa untuk memperingati peristiwa penting. Dalam acara grebeg, biasanya dilakukan pembagian gunungan sebagai wujud rasa syukur atas nikmat yang diberikan oleh Tuhan yang Maha Esa.

Di Yogyakarta, grebeg dilaksanakan sebanyak tiga kali dalam setahun, yakni pada bulan Rabiul Awal (Maulud), Syawal, dan Dzulhijjah (Besar). pembagian gunungan bertempat di tiga titik, seperti Masjid Gedhe Kauman, Kepatihan, dan Pura Pakualaman.

Upacara ini diselenggarakan oleh Kadipaten Pakualaman, yang menandai pergantian penjaga Pura Pakualaman. Pura Pakualaman memiliki dua bregada yang masing-masing saling bergiliran pada hari sabtu kliwon setiap bulannya.

Sebelumnya upacara ini dilakukan tertutup di kalangan intern Pakualaman, namun saat ini Kadipaten Pakualaman membuat upacara tersebut dapat dinikmati oleh kalangan umum dengan tujuan mendekatkan Pura Pakualaman kepada masyarakat.

Yogyakarta memiliki garis imajiner khusus yang menghubungkan antara Gunung Merapi, Keraton Yogyakarta, dan Laut Selatan, di mana hubungan antar ketiga tempat tersebut ditandai dengan Tugu Yogyakarta di bagian utara dan Panggung Krapyak di bagian selatan. Garis imajiner ini menjadi ciri khas Kota Yogyakarta dibandingkan wilayah lain, sekaligus menjadi titik awal perkembangan perkotaan Yogyakarta, di mana Keraton membangun beberapa fasilitas fisik di ruas ini seperti Pasar Beringharjo, Alun-alun Utara, Alun-alun Selatan, dan Masjid Gedhe Kauman.

Garis imajiner tersebut dirancang oleh Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I ketika membangun Keraton di antara Sungai Code dan Sungai Winongo. Garis imajiner memiliki filosofi tentang hubungan manusia kepada Sang Pencipta. Laut Selatan yang merupakan titik terendah dan Gunung Merapi yang lebih tinggi melambangkan sikap manusia yang semakin dekat dengan Sang Pencipta seiring berjalannya waktu.

Kota Yogyakarta menjadi inspirasi bagi Ismail Marzuki untuk menciptakan lagu Sepasang Mata Bola pada 1946. Lagu tersebut mencitrakan suasana senja di Stasiun Yogyakarta. Ada pula lagu Yogyakarta, lagu yang diciptakan oleh Katon Bagaskara pada 1990 dalam album Kedua. Lagu tersebut mencitrakan suasana Yogyakarta yang hangat dan ramah.

Beberapa film yang mengangkat tema Yogyakarta antara lain Jagad X Code (2009), Sang Pencerah (2010).

Sebagai kota pariwisata dan kebudayaan, Yogyakarta memiliki banyak pergelaran festival guna menarik wisatawan, sekaligus menjadi agenda rutin setiap tahunnya. Pergelaran yang rutin digelar di Kota Yogyakarta, seperti: Suasana Pasar Kangen Yogyakarta

Festival Kesenian Yogyakarta (FKY) diselenggarakan oleh Pemerintah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta pada bulan Juni atau Juli setiap tahunnya. Festival ini diselenggarakan sejak 1989, dan melibatkan seluruh kabupaten dan kota di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, termasuk kota Yogyakarta.

Di kota Yogyakarta, acara berpusat di Benteng Vredeburg, Jalan Malioboro, Taman Budaya Yogyakarta, Monumen Serangan Umum 1 Maret dan kawasan Titik Nol Kilometer Yogyakarta.

Festival Kotagede rutin diselenggarakan sejak 1999, dan diadakan untuk pengembangan seni budaya, peningkatan ekonomi masyarakat setempat, dan peningkatan pariwisata yang ada di daerah Kotagede. Festival ini diadakan oleh Pemerintah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dan melibatkan dua wilayah yang termasuk dalam kawasan cagar budaya Kotagede, yakni Kota Yogyakarta dan Kabupaten Bantul.

Yogyakarta is named after the Indian city of Ayodhya, the birthplace of the eponymous hero Rama from the Ramayana epic. Yogya means "suitable; fit; proper", and karta means "prosperous; flourishing". Thus, Yogyakarta means "[a city that is] fit to prosper".

In colonial era correspondence, the city is often written in the Javanese script as, read as with the added prefix nga-.

In the orthography of the time, the proper name was spelt with the Latin alphabet as "Jogjakarta". As the orthography of the Indonesian language changed, the consonant came to be written with, and the consonant with. Personal and geographical names however, were allowed to maintain their original spelling according to contemporary Indonesian orthography. Thus, the city can be written as "Yogyakarta", which is true to its original pronunciation and the Javanese script spelling, or "Jogjakarta", which is true to the old Dutch spelling and reflects popular pronunciation today, but differs from the original Ayodhya etymology. One may encounter either "Yogyakarta" or "Jogjakarta" in contemporary documents.

According to the Canggal inscription dated 732 CE, the area traditionally known as "Mataram" became the capital of the Medang Kingdom, identified as Mdang i Bhumi Mataram established by King Sanjaya of Mataram. The inscription was found in a Hindu temple in Central Java, 40 km away from Yogyakarta and 20 km away from the giant Borobudur temple complex. This Hindu temple itself was on the border between the area of the Hindu Sanjaya dynasty and the area of the Buddhist Shailendra dynasty.

Mataram became the centre of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture for about three centuries in the heartland of the Progo River valley, on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi volcano. This time period witnessed the construction of numerous candi, including Borobudur and Prambanan.

Around the year 929 CE, the last ruler of the Sanjaya dynasty, King Mpu Sindok of Mataram, moved the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Central Java to East Java and thus established the Isyana dynasty. The exact cause of the move is still uncertain; however, a severe eruption from Mount Merapi or a power struggle with the Sumatra-based Srivijaya kingdom probably caused the move.

Historians suggest that some time during the reign of King Wawa of Mataram (924–929 CE), Merapi erupted and devastated the kingdom's capital in Mataram.

During the Majapahit era, the area surrounding modern Yogyakarta was identified again as "Mataram" and recognised as one of the twelve Majapahit provinces in Java ruled by Bhre Mataram. During the reign of the fourth king of the Majapahit Empire, the Hindu Hayam Wuruk (1350–1389) of the Rajasa dynasty, the title of Bhre Mataram was held by the king's nephew and son-in-law Wikramawardhana, later the fifth king of Majapahit.

Kotagede, former capital of the Mataram Sultanate

Kotagede, now a district in southeastern Yogyakarta, was established as the capital of the Mataram Sultanate from 1587 to 1613.

During the reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613–1645), the Mataram Sultanate reached its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, and expanded its influence to Central Java, East Java, and half of West Java. After two changes of capital—to Karta and then to Plered, both located in present-day Bantul Regency—the capital of the Mataram Sultanate finally moved to Kartasura.

The pavilion of the Museum of Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX, located in the main side of Yogyakarta Royal Palace The Taman Sari Water Castle, the former royal garden of the Sultan of Yogyakarta A civil war in the Mataram Sultanate broke out between Pakubuwono II (1745–1749), the last ruler of Kartasura, and his younger brother and heir apparent to the throne, Prince Mangkubumi (later known as Hamengkubuwono I, the first Sultan of Yogyakarta, and the founder of the current ruling royal house). Pakubuwono II had agreed to cooperate with the Dutch East India Company, and ceded some Mataram territory to the Dutch. Prince Mangkubumi, stood against the agreement, citing concerns that the people would become slaves under Dutch rule. During the war, Prince Mangkubumi defeated Pakubuwono II's forces and declared sovereignty in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta, occupying the southern parts of the former Mataram Sultanate.

With Pakubowono II dead from illness, the Yogyakarta Sultanate was established as a result of the Treaty of Giyanti (Perjanjian Gianti), signed and ratified on 13 February 1755 among Prince Mangkubumi, the Dutch East India Company, and his nephew Pakubuwono III and his allies. Ascending to the newly created Yogyakarta throne with the name Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, Mangkubumi thus established the royal House of Hamengkubuwono, still the ruling house of Yogyakarta today. Sultan Hamengkubuwono I and his family officially moved into the Palace of Yogyakarta, still the seat of the reigning sultan, on 7 October 1756. These events consequently marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate, resulting in the births of the rival Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate.

During the brief period of British rule over Java in 1811, rumours of plans by the Yogyakarta court to launch an attack against the British led to uneasiness among the Britons stationed in Java. On 20 June 1812, Sir Stamford Raffles led a 1,200-strong British force to capture the Yogyakarta kraton. The Yogyakarta forces, surprised by the attack, were easily defeated; the kraton fell in one day, and was subsequently sacked and burnt.

The attack on the kraton was the first of its kind in Indonesian history, leaving the Yogyakarta court humiliated. The sultanate found itself involved in conflict again during the Java War.

In 1942, the Japanese Empire invaded the Dutch East Indies and ruled Java until they were defeated in 1945. Sukarno proclaimed the independence of the Indonesian Republic on 17 August 1945; Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX promptly sent a letter to Sukarno, expressing his support for the newly born nation of Indonesia and acknowledging the Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of the Indonesian Republic.

The Sultanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were accordingly awarded privileged statuses as "Special Regions" within the Indonesian Republic. However, because of a leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta, the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and was absorbed into Central Java Province.

Yogyakarta's support was essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the Indonesian Republic from 1946 to 1948, after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch. Later the Dutch also invaded Yogyakarta, causing the Republic's capital to be transferred once again, to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra on 19 December 1948. The General Offensive of 1 March 1949 resulted in an Indonesian political and strategic victory against the Dutch and the withdrawal of Dutch forces from Yogyakarta. On 29 June 1949 Yogyakarta was completely cleared of Dutch forces, under pressure from the United Nations.

For its significant contribution to the survival of the Indonesian Republic, Yogyakarta was given autonomy as a "special district".

The area of the city of Yogyakarta is. While the city spreads in all directions from the Kraton, the Sultan's palace, the core of the modern city is to the north, centred around Dutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district. Jalan Malioboro, with rows of pavement vendors and nearby markets and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north and east, is the shopping district more frequented by locals. The large local market of Beringharjo and the restored Dutch fort of Vredeburg are on the eastern part of the southern end of Malioboro.

Surrounding the Kraton is a densely populated residential neighbourhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain. Evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls, scattered throughout the city, and the ruins of the Taman Sari water castle, built in 1758 as a pleasure garden. No longer in use by the Sultan, the garden was largely abandoned before being used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began in 2004, and the site is now a popular tourist attraction.

Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta is Mount Merapi, with the northern outskirts of the city running up to the southern slopes of the mountain in Sleman Regency. Mount Merapi (literally "mountain of fire" in both Indonesian and Javanese), is an active stratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548, with the last eruption occurring in January 2024.

Yogyakarta features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen: Am) as the precipitation in the driest months between June and September are below. The wettest month in Yogyakarta is January with precipitation totalling. The climate is influenced by the monsoon. The annual temperature is roughly about 26 to 27 Celsius. The hottest month is April with average temperature 27.1 Celsius.