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Samarinda is the capital city of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan. It is situated on the riverbanks of lower Mahakam, and both parts are connected by Mahakam Bridge,, and. It holds title of the seventh largest Indonesian city by area, with a total area of around. Samarinda is also the most populous city on the entire island of Borneo, with population estimates of 727,500 (2010 Census); 827,994 (2020 Census); and 865,306 (mid 2025). As of, it is divided into 10 districts and further into 59 urban villages.

Samarinda was formally established as a city on 26 June 1959, after being separated from the outgoing Special Region of Kutai, a second-level administrative division similar to a regency that was ruled by the eponymous sultanate. Before becoming the capital city of East Kalimantan, it was the seat of Special Region of Kutai during its early years until it was moved into Tenggarong in 1956. Today, Samarinda is an enclave surrounded by different districts belonging to the Kutai Kartanegara Regency: (in clockwise direction from the north) Tenggarong Seberang, Muara Badak, Anggana, Sanga-Sanga, Muara Jawa, Loa Janan, and Loa Kulu.

Samarinda was one of Indonesia's top ten Most Liveable Cities in 2022, ranks first on East Kalimantan Human Development Index Samarinda is East Kalimantan's largest exporter and fifth-largest importer. The city has the highest number of bank headquarters in East Kalimantan. In 2021, Samarinda Harbour became the busiest passenger port in East Kalimantan. The container port in Samarinda is also the busiest in East Kalimantan, handled more than in 2019. Samarinda is known for its traditional food amplang, as well as the cloth sarung samarinda.

Budaya Pampang village is located around 20 km from the downtown. The village is known for its attraction by Kenyah people on Sunday.

The name Samarinda originates from the description of the way in which the Bugis houses were constructed. At that time houses were customarily built on a raft and generally had the same height. This provided important social symbolism of equality between residents; no person's house, and thus no person, was seen as higher or lower than another. They named the settlement “Samarenda”, meaning “equally low”. After hundreds of years of use the pronunciation of the name changed slightly and the city became known as Samarinda.

Samarinda, which nowadays has been known as a city, was a part of the Sultanate of Kutai. In the 13th century CE, before it was known as Samarinda, there had been settlements in six locations, namely Pulau Atas, Karang Asan (Karang Asam), Karamumus (Karang Mumus), Luah Bakung (Loa Bakung), Sembuyutan (Sambutan), and Mangkupelas (Mangkupalas). The mentioning of 6 villages above was found at a manuscript of Surat Salasilah Raja dalam Negeri Kutai Kertanegara written by Khatib Muhammad Tahir in 30 Rabi' al-Awwal AH 1265 (24 February 1849).

At the start of the Gowa War, the Dutch under Admiral Speelman's command attacked Makassar from the sea. Meanwhile, the Netherlands' Bugis ally Arung Palakka led a ground attack. The Kingdom of Gowa was forced to surrender and Sultan Hasanuddin was made to sign the Treaty of Bongaja on 19 November 1667.

The treaty did not quell all trouble for the Dutch however, since the Bugis from Gowa continued their struggle using guerilla tactics. Some Buginese moved to other islands close by such as Kalimantan. A few thousand people led by Lamohang Daeng Mangkona or Pua Ado I, moved to East Kalimantan, known then as Kutai, where they were welcomed by the local Sultan.

Samarinda was a small, sleepy town in 1942 with several small oil fields in the vicinity. It was occupied by the Japanese after the Dutch East Indies had fallen.

In 1955, the Apostolic Vicariate of Samarinda was established in the city. In 1961, it was promoted as the Diocese of Samarinda. In 2003, the diocese was promoted as the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Samarinda.

Samarinda has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af) with heavy rainfall and hot, oppressively humid temperatures year-round. Hail is extremely rare, it was recorded on 21 November 2019. The lowest recorded temperature in Samarinda is in October 1982, while the highest recorded is on 8 February 2008.