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Probolinggo (, Javanese: Kuthå Pråbålinggå) is a city on the north coast of East Java province, Indonesia. It covers an area of 55.197 sq. km, and had a population of 217,062 at the 2010 census and 239,649 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2025 was 244,849 (comprising 121,678 males and 123,171 females). It is surrounded on the landward side by Probolinggo Regency of which it was formerly the capital, but it is now a separate administration.

Like most of northern East Java, the city has a large Madurese population in addition to many ethnically Javanese people, other smaller communities includes Chinese and Arabs. It is located on one of the major highways across Java, and has a harbor that is heavily used by fishing vessels.

Under the Dutch East Indies colonial administration, especially in the 19th century, Probolinggo was a lucrative regional center for refining and exporting sugar, and sugar remains an important product of the area.

The city is famous for its mangoes, locally called mangga manalagi. Strong dry-season winds from July to September, the angin gending, help the mango trees pollinate and are sometimes credited with being the source of the area's quality fruit. The city formerly produced grapes as well, but few grapes are grown in the area now.

Raden Toemenggoeng Djojonegoro, The second regent of Probolinggo.

In Negarakertagama, the city was called Banger which means bad odor in Javanese. In 1770, Regent Djojonegoro changed the city's name to Probolinggo. The name derives from praba (light) and lingga ([symbol of] masculinity or the Hindu deity lord Shiva). Another version of the etymology is that the name derives from prabu (lord or king) and linggih (stop by).

Soemberkareng Sugar Mill in Probolinggo during the colonial era

As a result of Mataram's involvement in Geger Pacinan (and subsequent war), Dutch East India Company signed an agreement with Sunan Pakubuwono II on 11 November 1743 to hand over most of eastern Java, including Probolinggo, to the former. In 1811, under Dutch East Indies' Governor General Daendels rule, Probolinggo was sold to a Chinese man Han Kik Ko. The agreed price was 1 million ringgit paid in installment for 10 years. He then was given titles of "Mayor Cina" (Chinese mayor) and "Tuan Tanah Probolinggo" ("Probolinggo Landlord") that had similar authority as bupati (regent). Meanwhile, Probolinggo resident called him "Babah Tumenggung".

Under Han Tik-Ko, Probolinggo residents were not satisfied with Han Kik Ko since he imposed heavy taxes to them. As a result, on 18 May 1813, a clash happened between the rebellious residents and Han Kik Ko's people. The event was called Perang KedopokHit the Chinese) in which Han Kik Ko was killed along with a number of British officers. The Dutch East Indies Lieutenant Governor Stamford Raffles then bought back the city from Han Kik Ko's family.

The ruler of Probolinggo between 1818 and 1821 was Raden Tumenggung Aryo Notoadiningrat, while in 1823 the ruler was Raden Tumenggung Panji Notonegoro.

After Japanese surrendered to Allied forces, there was repatriation of Japanese soldiers by Allied force. In Probolinggo, on 29 April 1946 around 1,200 prisoners of war were returned by two ships "Bansiu Maru 3" and "Mashi Maru 6" departed from Probolinggo port.

On 12 April 1947 23:30 3 km from shore near Probolinggo port, a Dutch ship seized and searched a wooden ship called "Boeroehan" and found nothing. The next day at 11:00 the latter ship was released and 5 minutes later the Dutch ship sailed away and disappeared to the northwest. On 13 April at 08:45 another Dutch ship went back and forth 5 km from the shore and sailed to the east.

On 23 May 1947, there were 3 Dutch ships spying on Probolinggo. At 06:15 one of these searched and seized the ship "Merdeka" departing for Tangklok, Sampang, when the Madura resident boarded it. The ship was later released at 07:45. Another ship named "Kembangsari" and several other fishing boats were also either searched for or chased away.

Dewan Pertahanan Daerah Probolinggo (Probolinggo Regional Defense Council) then strengthened the naval defense of the area to face more Dutch ships attacking by sea. As a result, the Dutch later entered the city by land.

Probolinggo has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with heavy rainfall from December to March and moderate to little rainfall from April to November.