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Pacitan Regency is a regency located in the southwestern corner of East Java Province, with Central Java Province on its western border. Located between 7.55° - 8.17°S and 110.55° - 111.25°E. The borders of Pacitan Regency are with Wonogiri Regency (Central Java Province) in the west and north, Ponorogo Regency and Trenggalek Regency (both regencies of East Java) in the east, and the Indian Ocean in the south. It covers an area of 1,389.87 km2 and had a population of 540,881 at the 2010 census and 586,110 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as of mid 2025 was 590,076 (comprising 295,272 males and 294,804 females). The capital of Pacitan Regency is the town of the same name. The majority of citizens in Pacitan Regency speak Javanese as their first language, while speaking Indonesian as a second language.

Menurut Babad Pacitan dan sebuah babad yang diterbitkan di Poesaka Djawi, pada masa Demak paruh pertama abad ke-16, wilayah Pacitan merupakan bagian dari Ponorogo.

Dikisahkan di dalam babad tersebut bahwa orang-orang Pacitan mungkin berasal dari rombongan Bathara Katong yang diberi izin menempati daerah Pacitan. Daerah tersebut pada masa itu merupakan wilayah tak berpenghuni dan ditutupi oleh hutan belantara. Lebih lanjut, dikisahkan bahwa orang-orang pertama yang disebut sebagai pembuka hutan atau pembabat alas bernama Kiai Siti Geseng, Kiai Ampak Boyo, Ménak Sopal, dan Syekh Maulana Maghribi.

Watu Karung Beach, Pringkuku, Pacitan Klayar Beach, Donorojo, Pacitan Pacitan Regency covers an area about 1,389.90 km2. Approximately 88 percent of the regency consists of mountainous and rocky terrain, including several rocky canyons, as it lies within the Thousand Mountains region. The highest peaks in Pacitan Regency include Mount Lima in Kebonagung District and Mount Gembes in Bandar District, the latter forming the source of the Grindulu River.

Comparison of land types: Flat (0 - 5% slope) = 53.7 km2 (4%) Bumpy (6 - 10% slope) = 134.24 km2 (10%) Wavy (11 - 30% slope) = 322.18 km2 (24%) Hilly (31 - 50% slope) = 698.06 km2 (52%) Mountainous (more than 51% slope) = 134.24 km2 (10%)

Generally, the land in Pacitan can be divided into two categories, calcium-rich in the south, and fertile land in the north. The land consists of lithosol association, red mediterranean lithosol, tuff and volcanic compound, reddish lithosol complex, and grey alluvial, clay sediments containing many potential minerals. The minerals are feldspar, ball clay, bentonite, pyrophyllite, calcite, gypsum, phosphate rock, quartz, coal, dolomite, gemstone, tin ore, and manganite.

Pacitan Regency includes 130.87 km2 of rice fields and 1,211.55 km2 of dry land. According to irrigation types, the rice fields can be grouped into: technical irrigation rice field (16.06 km2), half technical irrigation rice field (11.88 km2), simple irrigation rice field (40.63 km2), and rain-dependent rice field (62.3 km2).